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author | Adam Chlipala <adamc@hcoop.net> |
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date | Sun, 03 May 2009 12:24:39 -0400 |
parents | c125df6fabfc |
children | a8bdd5a0d9b0 |
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type int type float type string type time type blob type unit = {} datatype bool = False | True datatype option t = None | Some of t datatype list t = Nil | Cons of t * list t (** Basic type classes *) class eq val eq : t ::: Type -> eq t -> t -> t -> bool val ne : t ::: Type -> eq t -> t -> t -> bool val eq_int : eq int val eq_float : eq float val eq_string : eq string val eq_bool : eq bool val eq_time : eq time val mkEq : t ::: Type -> (t -> t -> bool) -> eq t class num val zero : t ::: Type -> num t -> t val neg : t ::: Type -> num t -> t -> t val plus : t ::: Type -> num t -> t -> t -> t val minus : t ::: Type -> num t -> t -> t -> t val times : t ::: Type -> num t -> t -> t -> t val div : t ::: Type -> num t -> t -> t -> t val mod : t ::: Type -> num t -> t -> t -> t val num_int : num int val num_float : num float class ord val lt : t ::: Type -> ord t -> t -> t -> bool val le : t ::: Type -> ord t -> t -> t -> bool val gt : t ::: Type -> ord t -> t -> t -> bool val ge : t ::: Type -> ord t -> t -> t -> bool val ord_int : ord int val ord_float : ord float val ord_string : ord string val ord_bool : ord bool val ord_time : ord time (** String operations *) val strcat : string -> string -> string class show val show : t ::: Type -> show t -> t -> string val show_int : show int val show_float : show float val show_string : show string val show_bool : show bool val show_time : show time val mkShow : t ::: Type -> (t -> string) -> show t class read val read : t ::: Type -> read t -> string -> option t val readError : t ::: Type -> read t -> string -> t (* [readError] calls [error] if the input is malformed. *) val read_int : read int val read_float : read float val read_string : read string val read_bool : read bool val read_time : read time (** * Monads *) class monad :: (Type -> Type) -> Type val return : m ::: (Type -> Type) -> t ::: Type -> monad m -> t -> m t val bind : m ::: (Type -> Type) -> t1 ::: Type -> t2 ::: Type -> monad m -> m t1 -> (t1 -> m t2) -> m t2 con transaction :: Type -> Type val transaction_monad : monad transaction con source :: Type -> Type val source : t ::: Type -> t -> transaction (source t) val set : t ::: Type -> source t -> t -> transaction unit val get : t ::: Type -> source t -> transaction t con signal :: Type -> Type val signal_monad : monad signal val signal : t ::: Type -> source t -> signal t (** HTTP operations *) val requestHeader : string -> transaction (option string) con http_cookie :: Type -> Type val getCookie : t ::: Type -> http_cookie t -> transaction (option t) val setCookie : t ::: Type -> http_cookie t -> t -> transaction unit (** JavaScript-y gadgets *) val alert : string -> transaction unit val spawn : transaction unit -> transaction unit val sleep : int -> transaction unit (** Channels *) con channel :: Type -> Type val channel : t ::: Type -> transaction (channel t) val send : t ::: Type -> channel t -> t -> transaction unit val recv : t ::: Type -> channel t -> transaction t type client val self : transaction client (** SQL *) con sql_table :: {Type} -> {{Unit}} -> Type con sql_view :: {Type} -> Type class fieldsOf :: Type -> {Type} -> Type val fieldsOf_table : fs ::: {Type} -> keys ::: {{Unit}} -> fieldsOf (sql_table fs keys) fs val fieldsOf_view : fs ::: {Type} -> fieldsOf (sql_view fs) fs (*** Constraints *) (**** Primary keys *) class sql_injectable_prim val sql_bool : sql_injectable_prim bool val sql_int : sql_injectable_prim int val sql_float : sql_injectable_prim float val sql_string : sql_injectable_prim string val sql_time : sql_injectable_prim time val sql_blob : sql_injectable_prim blob val sql_channel : t ::: Type -> sql_injectable_prim (channel t) val sql_client : sql_injectable_prim client con primary_key :: {Type} -> {{Unit}} -> Type val no_primary_key : fs ::: {Type} -> primary_key fs [] val primary_key : rest ::: {Type} -> t ::: Type -> key1 :: Name -> keys :: {Type} -> [[key1] ~ keys] => [[key1 = t] ++ keys ~ rest] => $([key1 = sql_injectable_prim t] ++ map sql_injectable_prim keys) -> primary_key ([key1 = t] ++ keys ++ rest) [Pkey = [key1] ++ map (fn _ => ()) keys] (**** Other constraints *) con sql_constraints :: {Type} -> {{Unit}} -> Type (* Arguments: column types, uniqueness implications of constraints *) con sql_constraint :: {Type} -> {Unit} -> Type val no_constraint : fs ::: {Type} -> sql_constraints fs [] val one_constraint : fs ::: {Type} -> unique ::: {Unit} -> name :: Name -> sql_constraint fs unique -> sql_constraints fs [name = unique] val join_constraints : fs ::: {Type} -> uniques1 ::: {{Unit}} -> uniques2 ::: {{Unit}} -> [uniques1 ~ uniques2] => sql_constraints fs uniques1 -> sql_constraints fs uniques2 -> sql_constraints fs (uniques1 ++ uniques2) val unique : rest ::: {Type} -> t ::: Type -> unique1 :: Name -> unique :: {Type} -> [[unique1] ~ unique] => [[unique1 = t] ++ unique ~ rest] => sql_constraint ([unique1 = t] ++ unique ++ rest) ([unique1] ++ map (fn _ => ()) unique) class linkable :: Type -> Type -> Type val linkable_same : t ::: Type -> linkable t t val linkable_from_nullable : t ::: Type -> linkable (option t) t val linkable_to_nullable : t ::: Type -> linkable t (option t) con matching :: {Type} -> {Type} -> Type val mat_nil : matching [] [] val mat_cons : t1 ::: Type -> rest1 ::: {Type} -> t2 ::: Type -> rest2 ::: {Type} -> nm1 :: Name -> nm2 :: Name -> [[nm1] ~ rest1] => [[nm2] ~ rest2] => linkable t1 t2 -> matching rest1 rest2 -> matching ([nm1 = t1] ++ rest1) ([nm2 = t2] ++ rest2) con propagation_mode :: {Type} -> Type val restrict : fs ::: {Type} -> propagation_mode fs val cascade : fs ::: {Type} -> propagation_mode fs val no_action : fs ::: {Type} -> propagation_mode fs val set_null : fs ::: {Type} -> propagation_mode (map option fs) val foreign_key : mine1 ::: Name -> t ::: Type -> mine ::: {Type} -> munused ::: {Type} -> foreign ::: {Type} -> funused ::: {Type} -> nm ::: Name -> uniques ::: {{Unit}} -> [[mine1] ~ mine] => [[mine1 = t] ++ mine ~ munused] => [foreign ~ funused] => [[nm] ~ uniques] => matching ([mine1 = t] ++ mine) foreign -> sql_table (foreign ++ funused) ([nm = map (fn _ => ()) foreign] ++ uniques) -> {OnDelete : propagation_mode ([mine1 = t] ++ mine), OnUpdate : propagation_mode ([mine1 = t] ++ mine)} -> sql_constraint ([mine1 = t] ++ mine ++ munused) [] con sql_exp :: {{Type}} -> {{Type}} -> {Type} -> Type -> Type val check : fs ::: {Type} -> sql_exp [] [] fs bool -> sql_constraint fs [] (*** Queries *) con sql_query :: {{Type}} -> {Type} -> Type con sql_query1 :: {{Type}} -> {{Type}} -> {Type} -> Type con sql_subset :: {{Type}} -> {{Type}} -> Type val sql_subset : keep_drop :: {({Type} * {Type})} -> sql_subset (map (fn fields :: ({Type} * {Type}) => fields.1 ++ fields.2) keep_drop) (map (fn fields :: ({Type} * {Type}) => fields.1) keep_drop) val sql_subset_all : tables :: {{Type}} -> sql_subset tables tables con sql_from_items :: {{Type}} -> Type val sql_from_table : t ::: Type -> fs ::: {Type} -> fieldsOf t fs -> name :: Name -> t -> sql_from_items [name = fs] val sql_from_comma : tabs1 ::: {{Type}} -> tabs2 ::: {{Type}} -> [tabs1 ~ tabs2] => sql_from_items tabs1 -> sql_from_items tabs2 -> sql_from_items (tabs1 ++ tabs2) val sql_inner_join : tabs1 ::: {{Type}} -> tabs2 ::: {{Type}} -> [tabs1 ~ tabs2] => sql_from_items tabs1 -> sql_from_items tabs2 -> sql_exp (tabs1 ++ tabs2) [] [] bool -> sql_from_items (tabs1 ++ tabs2) class nullify :: Type -> Type -> Type val nullify_option : t ::: Type -> nullify (option t) (option t) val nullify_prim : t ::: Type -> sql_injectable_prim t -> nullify t (option t) val sql_left_join : tabs1 ::: {{Type}} -> tabs2 ::: {{(Type * Type)}} -> [tabs1 ~ tabs2] => $(map (fn r => $(map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => nullify p.1 p.2) r)) tabs2) -> sql_from_items tabs1 -> sql_from_items (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.1)) tabs2) -> sql_exp (tabs1 ++ map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.1)) tabs2) [] [] bool -> sql_from_items (tabs1 ++ map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.2)) tabs2) val sql_right_join : tabs1 ::: {{(Type * Type)}} -> tabs2 ::: {{Type}} -> [tabs1 ~ tabs2] => $(map (fn r => $(map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => nullify p.1 p.2) r)) tabs1) -> sql_from_items (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.1)) tabs1) -> sql_from_items tabs2 -> sql_exp (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.1)) tabs1 ++ tabs2) [] [] bool -> sql_from_items (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.2)) tabs1 ++ tabs2) val sql_full_join : tabs1 ::: {{(Type * Type)}} -> tabs2 ::: {{(Type * Type)}} -> [tabs1 ~ tabs2] => $(map (fn r => $(map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => nullify p.1 p.2) r)) (tabs1 ++ tabs2)) -> sql_from_items (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.1)) tabs1) -> sql_from_items (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.1)) tabs2) -> sql_exp (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.1)) (tabs1 ++ tabs2)) [] [] bool -> sql_from_items (map (map (fn p :: (Type * Type) => p.2)) (tabs1 ++ tabs2)) val sql_query1 : tables ::: {{Type}} -> grouped ::: {{Type}} -> selectedFields ::: {{Type}} -> selectedExps ::: {Type} -> {From : sql_from_items tables, Where : sql_exp tables [] [] bool, GroupBy : sql_subset tables grouped, Having : sql_exp grouped tables [] bool, SelectFields : sql_subset grouped selectedFields, SelectExps : $(map (sql_exp grouped tables []) selectedExps) } -> sql_query1 tables selectedFields selectedExps type sql_relop val sql_union : sql_relop val sql_intersect : sql_relop val sql_except : sql_relop val sql_relop : tables1 ::: {{Type}} -> tables2 ::: {{Type}} -> selectedFields ::: {{Type}} -> selectedExps ::: {Type} -> sql_relop -> sql_query1 tables1 selectedFields selectedExps -> sql_query1 tables2 selectedFields selectedExps -> sql_query1 selectedFields selectedFields selectedExps type sql_direction val sql_asc : sql_direction val sql_desc : sql_direction con sql_order_by :: {{Type}} -> {Type} -> Type val sql_order_by_Nil : tables ::: {{Type}} -> exps :: {Type} -> sql_order_by tables exps val sql_order_by_Cons : tables ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> t ::: Type -> sql_exp tables [] exps t -> sql_direction -> sql_order_by tables exps -> sql_order_by tables exps type sql_limit val sql_no_limit : sql_limit val sql_limit : int -> sql_limit type sql_offset val sql_no_offset : sql_offset val sql_offset : int -> sql_offset val sql_query : tables ::: {{Type}} -> selectedFields ::: {{Type}} -> selectedExps ::: {Type} -> {Rows : sql_query1 tables selectedFields selectedExps, OrderBy : sql_order_by tables selectedExps, Limit : sql_limit, Offset : sql_offset} -> sql_query selectedFields selectedExps val sql_field : otherTabs ::: {{Type}} -> otherFields ::: {Type} -> fieldType ::: Type -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> tab :: Name -> field :: Name -> sql_exp ([tab = [field = fieldType] ++ otherFields] ++ otherTabs) agg exps fieldType val sql_exp : tabs ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> t ::: Type -> rest ::: {Type} -> nm :: Name -> sql_exp tabs agg ([nm = t] ++ rest) t class sql_injectable val sql_prim : t ::: Type -> sql_injectable_prim t -> sql_injectable t val sql_option_prim : t ::: Type -> sql_injectable_prim t -> sql_injectable (option t) val sql_inject : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> t ::: Type -> sql_injectable t -> t -> sql_exp tables agg exps t val sql_is_null : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> t ::: Type -> sql_exp tables agg exps (option t) -> sql_exp tables agg exps bool class sql_arith val sql_int_arith : sql_arith int val sql_float_arith : sql_arith float con sql_unary :: Type -> Type -> Type val sql_not : sql_unary bool bool val sql_unary : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> arg ::: Type -> res ::: Type -> sql_unary arg res -> sql_exp tables agg exps arg -> sql_exp tables agg exps res val sql_neg : t ::: Type -> sql_arith t -> sql_unary t t con sql_binary :: Type -> Type -> Type -> Type val sql_and : sql_binary bool bool bool val sql_or : sql_binary bool bool bool val sql_binary : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> arg1 ::: Type -> arg2 ::: Type -> res ::: Type -> sql_binary arg1 arg2 res -> sql_exp tables agg exps arg1 -> sql_exp tables agg exps arg2 -> sql_exp tables agg exps res val sql_plus : t ::: Type -> sql_arith t -> sql_binary t t t val sql_minus : t ::: Type -> sql_arith t -> sql_binary t t t val sql_times : t ::: Type -> sql_arith t -> sql_binary t t t val sql_div : t ::: Type -> sql_arith t -> sql_binary t t t val sql_mod : sql_binary int int int val sql_eq : t ::: Type -> sql_binary t t bool val sql_ne : t ::: Type -> sql_binary t t bool val sql_lt : t ::: Type -> sql_binary t t bool val sql_le : t ::: Type -> sql_binary t t bool val sql_gt : t ::: Type -> sql_binary t t bool val sql_ge : t ::: Type -> sql_binary t t bool val sql_count : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> sql_exp tables agg exps int con sql_aggregate :: Type -> Type val sql_aggregate : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> t ::: Type -> sql_aggregate t -> sql_exp agg agg exps t -> sql_exp tables agg exps t class sql_summable val sql_summable_int : sql_summable int val sql_summable_float : sql_summable float val sql_avg : t ::: Type -> sql_summable t -> sql_aggregate t val sql_sum : t ::: Type -> sql_summable t -> sql_aggregate t class sql_maxable val sql_maxable_int : sql_maxable int val sql_maxable_float : sql_maxable float val sql_maxable_string : sql_maxable string val sql_maxable_time : sql_maxable time val sql_max : t ::: Type -> sql_maxable t -> sql_aggregate t val sql_min : t ::: Type -> sql_maxable t -> sql_aggregate t con sql_nfunc :: Type -> Type val sql_nfunc : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> t ::: Type -> sql_nfunc t -> sql_exp tables agg exps t val sql_current_timestamp : sql_nfunc time con sql_ufunc :: Type -> Type -> Type val sql_ufunc : tables ::: {{Type}} -> agg ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> dom ::: Type -> ran ::: Type -> sql_ufunc dom ran -> sql_exp tables agg exps dom -> sql_exp tables agg exps ran val sql_octet_length : sql_ufunc blob int (*** Executing queries *) val query : tables ::: {{Type}} -> exps ::: {Type} -> [tables ~ exps] => state ::: Type -> sql_query tables exps -> ($(exps ++ map (fn fields :: {Type} => $fields) tables) -> state -> transaction state) -> state -> transaction state (*** Database mutators *) type dml val dml : dml -> transaction unit val insert : fields ::: {Type} -> uniques ::: {{Unit}} -> sql_table fields uniques -> $(map (fn t :: Type => sql_exp [] [] [] t) fields) -> dml val update : unchanged ::: {Type} -> uniques ::: {{Unit}} -> changed :: {Type} -> [changed ~ unchanged] => $(map (fn t :: Type => sql_exp [T = changed ++ unchanged] [] [] t) changed) -> sql_table (changed ++ unchanged) uniques -> sql_exp [T = changed ++ unchanged] [] [] bool -> dml val delete : fields ::: {Type} -> uniques ::: {{Unit}} -> sql_table fields uniques -> sql_exp [T = fields] [] [] bool -> dml (*** Sequences *) type sql_sequence val nextval : sql_sequence -> transaction int (** XML *) type css_class con tag :: {Type} -> {Unit} -> {Unit} -> {Type} -> {Type} -> Type con xml :: {Unit} -> {Type} -> {Type} -> Type val cdata : ctx ::: {Unit} -> use ::: {Type} -> string -> xml ctx use [] val tag : attrsGiven ::: {Type} -> attrsAbsent ::: {Type} -> ctxOuter ::: {Unit} -> ctxInner ::: {Unit} -> useOuter ::: {Type} -> useInner ::: {Type} -> bindOuter ::: {Type} -> bindInner ::: {Type} -> [attrsGiven ~ attrsAbsent] => [useOuter ~ useInner] => [bindOuter ~ bindInner] => option css_class -> $attrsGiven -> tag (attrsGiven ++ attrsAbsent) ctxOuter ctxInner useOuter bindOuter -> xml ctxInner useInner bindInner -> xml ctxOuter (useOuter ++ useInner) (bindOuter ++ bindInner) val join : ctx ::: {Unit} -> use1 ::: {Type} -> bind1 ::: {Type} -> bind2 ::: {Type} -> [use1 ~ bind1] => [bind1 ~ bind2] => xml ctx use1 bind1 -> xml ctx (use1 ++ bind1) bind2 -> xml ctx use1 (bind1 ++ bind2) val useMore : ctx ::: {Unit} -> use1 ::: {Type} -> use2 ::: {Type} -> bind ::: {Type} -> [use1 ~ use2] => xml ctx use1 bind -> xml ctx (use1 ++ use2) bind con xhtml = xml [Html] con page = xhtml [] [] con xbody = xml [Body] [] [] con xtr = xml [Body, Tr] [] [] con xform = xml [Body, Form] [] [] (*** HTML details *) con html = [Html] con head = [Head] con body = [Body] con form = [Body, Form] con subform = [Body, Subform] con tabl = [Body, Table] con tr = [Body, Tr] type url val bless : string -> url val checkUrl : string -> option url val dyn : use ::: {Type} -> bind ::: {Type} -> unit -> tag [Signal = signal (xml body use bind)] body [] use bind val head : unit -> tag [] html head [] [] val title : unit -> tag [] head [] [] [] val link : unit -> tag [Rel = string, Typ = string, Href = url, Media = string] head [] [] [] val body : unit -> tag [Onload = transaction unit] html body [] [] con bodyTag = fn (attrs :: {Type}) => ctx ::: {Unit} -> [[Body] ~ ctx] => unit -> tag attrs ([Body] ++ ctx) ([Body] ++ ctx) [] [] con bodyTagStandalone = fn (attrs :: {Type}) => ctx ::: {Unit} -> [[Body] ~ ctx] => unit -> tag attrs ([Body] ++ ctx) [] [] [] val br : bodyTagStandalone [] val span : bodyTag [] val p : bodyTag [] val b : bodyTag [] val i : bodyTag [] val tt : bodyTag [] val font : bodyTag [Size = int, Face = string] val h1 : bodyTag [] val h2 : bodyTag [] val h3 : bodyTag [] val h4 : bodyTag [] val li : bodyTag [] val ol : bodyTag [] val ul : bodyTag [] val hr : bodyTag [] val a : bodyTag [Link = transaction page, Href = url, Onclick = transaction unit] val img : bodyTag [Src = url] val form : ctx ::: {Unit} -> bind ::: {Type} -> [[Body] ~ ctx] => xml form [] bind -> xml ([Body] ++ ctx) [] [] val subform : ctx ::: {Unit} -> use ::: {Type} -> bind ::: {Type} -> [[Form] ~ ctx] => nm :: Name -> [[nm] ~ use] => xml form [] bind -> xml ([Form] ++ ctx) use [nm = $bind] val subforms : ctx ::: {Unit} -> use ::: {Type} -> bind ::: {Type} -> [[Form] ~ ctx] => nm :: Name -> [[nm] ~ use] => xml subform [Entry = $bind] [] -> xml ([Form] ++ ctx) use [nm = list ($bind)] val entry : ctx ::: {Unit} -> bind ::: {Type} -> [[Subform] ~ ctx] => xml form [] bind -> xml ([Subform] ++ ctx) [Entry = $bind] [] con formTag = fn (ty :: Type) (inner :: {Unit}) (attrs :: {Type}) => ctx ::: {Unit} -> [[Form] ~ ctx] => nm :: Name -> unit -> tag attrs ([Form] ++ ctx) inner [] [nm = ty] val hidden : formTag string [] [Value = string] val textbox : formTag string [] [Value = string, Size = int, Source = source string] val password : formTag string [] [Value = string, Size = int] val textarea : formTag string [] [Rows = int, Cols = int] val checkbox : formTag bool [] [Checked = bool] type file val fileName : file -> option string val fileMimeType : file -> string val fileData : file -> blob val upload : formTag file [] [Value = string, Size = int] type mimeType val blessMime : string -> mimeType val checkMime : string -> option mimeType val returnBlob : t ::: Type -> blob -> mimeType -> transaction t val blobSize : blob -> int con radio = [Body, Radio] val radio : formTag string radio [] val radioOption : unit -> tag [Value = string] radio [] [] [] con select = [Select] val select : formTag string select [] val option : unit -> tag [Value = string, Selected = bool] select [] [] [] val submit : ctx ::: {Unit} -> use ::: {Type} -> [[Form] ~ ctx] => unit -> tag [Value = string, Action = $use -> transaction page] ([Form] ++ ctx) ([Form] ++ ctx) use [] (*** AJAX-oriented widgets *) con cformTag = fn (attrs :: {Type}) => ctx ::: {Unit} -> [[Body] ~ ctx] => unit -> tag attrs ([Body] ++ ctx) [] [] [] val ctextbox : cformTag [Value = string, Size = int, Source = source string] val button : cformTag [Value = string, Onclick = transaction unit] (*** Tables *) val tabl : other ::: {Unit} -> [other ~ [Body, Table]] => unit -> tag [Border = int] ([Body] ++ other) ([Body, Table] ++ other) [] [] val tr : other ::: {Unit} -> [other ~ [Body, Table, Tr]] => unit -> tag [] ([Body, Table] ++ other) ([Body, Tr] ++ other) [] [] val th : other ::: {Unit} -> [other ~ [Body, Tr]] => unit -> tag [] ([Body, Tr] ++ other) ([Body] ++ other) [] [] val td : other ::: {Unit} -> [other ~ [Body, Tr]] => unit -> tag [] ([Body, Tr] ++ other) ([Body] ++ other) [] [] (** Aborting *) val error : t ::: Type -> xbody -> t (* Client-side-only handlers: *) val onError : (xbody -> transaction unit) -> transaction unit val onFail : (string -> transaction unit) -> transaction unit val onConnectFail : transaction unit -> transaction unit val onDisconnect : transaction unit -> transaction unit val onServerError : (string -> transaction unit) -> transaction unit val show_xml : ctx ::: {Unit} -> use ::: {Type} -> bind ::: {Type} -> show (xml ctx use bind)